Organizational Communication Essay - 1188 Words

In today’s era of raising slogan of global village, communication has become a burning issue. The world has turned into a global village, and one cannot survive alone. As man is a social animal, he cannot overcome worldly activities alone. For the fulfillment of daily activities and usual deeds, he needs help from other people and have to communicate with others. Infect, in habitual life everyone spend a lot of time in communicating i.e. writing, reading, talking and listening. People spent most of their time in communicating, for the execution of routine activities everyone needs assistance and support from others. Then communication process starts, no one can communicate alone. There‘s always a sender and one or more receivers.†¦show more content†¦Every manager should be a good communicator. Because he is one who communicates the message to one or a group. (Ivancevich Matteson, 2002) 1.2 Organizational Communication Communication is described as the process of sending and receiving messages. The communication process is elementary to every organization. Communication has different forms and types, downward, upward and lateral or horizontal communication. In downward communication, the flow of information is from top to bottom. The supervisors give instructions, directions, and about organizational goals. This form of communication hence occurs in a pecking order structure of the organization. Lateral communication takes place among employees of the equal rank, in different work departments in the organization. The lateral dimension increases the coordination between members. This type of communication is becoming more important, as the business today is multifaceted, complex and large. Even in small business it has essential part as it increases the coordination and encourages team-work among members. In upward communication the flow of information is from bottom to top, in this employees can give feedback to supervisors. Employees can share their views and give their opinions and perceptions to supervisors. Upward communication ensures freedom of communication among groups and also allows feedback from workers. Communication is the stream of information,Show MoreRelatedHistory of Organizational Communication1537 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Field Reflection Paper | What is organizational communication? As a field organizational communication studies exactly what it sounds like the communication in organization. Defining the particulars of this often comes down to the researcher and the perspective that skew their opinions on the field. These subtle differences are why it takes Papa, Daniels and Spiker almost 16 pages to express their definition of their field of study. The organizational experiences of an individual have a hugeRead MoreOrganizational Communication : An Organization1591 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The way in which individuals in an organization communicate with each other is what organizational communication is referred as in the simplest of terms. However, a little more precisely in terms of organizational communication as a field, it is defined as the consideration, study, and the censure of communication. Therefore, it would be safe to say organizational communication is not merely the transfer of a message from one party to another but it is also an element which shapes upRead MoreWhat Is Organizational Communication?1174 Words   |  5 Pagesof Colorado in his video titled what is Organizational Communication? Explains the concept of communication in the context of an organization and summarizes the roadblocks and problems we have in communication as the technology around us gets sophisticated. The common conception is that the technology to facilitate communication is not fully developed. However, people are communicating regardless of how they connect and the basic bar riers to communication such as power, politics, influence, cultureRead MoreOrganizational Communication1542 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Communication Shaniqua Jackson COM 425: Effective Communication in Organizations Instructor: Jeremiah Convery February 11, 2013 Communication addresses how information circulates among the employees of a company, how information is passed from one person to another in ways such as email, phone conversations and face-to-face also known as formal and informal communication. Both methods are used with the lower-level employees and within supervisors and management patterns of communicationRead MoreOrganizational Communication3014 Words   |  13 PagesOrganizational Communication Organizational Communication is probably the most important type of interpersonal communication a person has to perform in his or her adult life. Communicating with others in the work environment is a process that can not be looked at as a small one, but as a very complex and of utmost significance to a persons life as a whole. We all know communication is a key factor in everyones life, and communicating in the work place is just a larger key for cultural expectanceRead MoreThe Definition Of Organizational Communication774 Words   |  4 PagesOver the years, the definition of organizational communication has been a highly-debated and complex facet of the scholarship. Researchers have placed a key importance on relationships between people within the organization and how the organization structures itself as a whole. Organizations are communicative, asserting the need of communication to help constitute the organization itself. Organizational communication has been defined as †Å"the substance of organizing in the sense that through discursiveRead MoreKey Parts Of Organizational Communication1277 Words   |  6 PagesDefinitions of Key Parts Organizational Communication is best described by as an action that is continually evolving. In a given workplace there must be the sending and receiving of information. This concept is the central component to achieve both individual and common goals. Essentially, there would be no organization without communication. Knowledge Management is an organization’s methodology of making their intellectual assets as fully functional, or effective as possible. This is a systematicRead MoreThe Challenge of Organizational Communication714 Words   |  3 PagesThe Challenge of Organizational Communication video†¦ What does it all mean? It means that in recent years the world has been changing faster than ever before and becoming more complex than anyone could ever imagine. Katherine Miller points out 4 aspects of these changes that were barely on the radar 20 years ago, but today dominate much of our thinking. The first one is globalization. It has become a truism to say that we live in a global economy and participate in a global market. The emergeRead MoreOrganizational Communication : An Organization1823 Words   |  8 PagesOriginally I believed Organizational Communication to be simply about the sending of and receiving of messages effectively to accomplish a common goal within organizations. I was aware of the variety of methods organizations used to transmit messages; oral, written, and face-to face. I know from personal experience that organizations are always looking for people to join their organization who can communicate effectively; give and follow orders, listening skills, work well within a team environmentRead MoreThe Issues With Organizational Communication978 Words   |  4 PagesIssues with Organizational Communication Crises are seen substantially as media events. Therefore media coverage whether they have been natural or man-made; is indicative of how important, essential and even at times, how down right frustrating the media has been and will continue to be before, during and after a crisis. Many people tend to turn to the media and various different media sites (such as Twitter, Facebook, etc.) to gain pertinent information regarding an event that has taken place

Heathcliff the Byronic Hero Essay - 1333 Words

When one starts reading Wuthering heights I’m sure they think to themselves that the book will be just another romantic novel. They wait for Heathcliff to come around the whole story, and for him and Catherine to end up together, but it doesn’t happen. This causes Heathcliff to get progressively, more and more alienated by the people around him. He only wants what he can’t have and this is why he is referred to as a Byronic Hero. It is my intention to prove Heathcliff as a Byronic Hero by classifying him under the six attributes of the archetype. The first major sign of a Byronic Hero is he is often alienated from humanity. In the beginning of the story Heathcliff is adopted by Earnshaw. Earnshaw eventually ends up loving Heathcliff†¦show more content†¦When Hindley takes over Wuthering Heights he basically turns Heathcliff into a poor slave that wasn’t aloud an education. This classification is one of the main reasons that Catherine choose to marry Edgar instead. After she married she soon became pregnant. She gets very sick and 2 hours after the baby is born, Catherine dies. This is when Catherine truly becomes a forbidden love. Heathcliff is so devastated by her death that he shouts â€Å"Catherine Earnshaw, may you not rest, as long as I am living! You said I killed you – haunt me then! The murdered do haunt their murderers. I believe – I know that ghosts have wandered on earth. Be with me always – take any form – drive me mad! Only do not leave me in this abyss, where I ca nnot find you! Oh god! It is unutterable! I cannot live without my life! I cannot live without my soul!† Threw out the story you will see that Heathcliff has a very unhealthy passion; this is the next attribute of a Byronic Hero. This unhealthy passion is driven by revenge. As you read the book it seems that Revenge is the only thing that keeps Heathcliff going. Heathcliff returns to Wuthering Heights filthy rich after running away for 3 years when Catherine married Edgar. He uses some of his money to loan to Hindley’s gambling problem so that Hindley will become even more engulfed into debt. Heathcliff also wanted to seek revenge against Edgar for obvious reasons. So heShow MoreRelatedHeathcliff As A Byronic Hero1104 Words   |  5 Pages A â€Å"Byronic hero† is a character who inherits the traits of being rebellious, anti-social, and presumptuous. The term originates from an English poet, Lord Byron. In the novel, Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte, Heathcliff is the protagonist who displays the several qualities of a Byronic hero. Heathcliff suffering such a harsh childhood is one of the reasons he is so rebellious and vengeful towards some of the characters. His past of being abandoned leads him to have no empathy or emotion, whichRead More Heathcliff as Byronic Hero of Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights789 Words   |  4 PagesHeathcliff as Byronic Hero of Wuthering Heights      Ã‚   It is difficult if not impossible to find a character in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights that is 100% convincing as the hero -- until one applies the qualities of the Byronic hero.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When considering Wuthering Heights Heathcliff immediately jumps to mind as the villainous character.   Upon his return he wickedly orchestrates Hindleys economic demise and takes control of the Heights.   He attempts to win Catherine, now a marriedRead MoreHeathcliff The Byronic Hero in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte1337 Words   |  6 PagesHeathcliff The Byronic Hero in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte When one starts reading Wuthering heights I’m sure they think to themselves that the book will be just another romantic novel. They wait for Heathcliff to comeRead MoreCompare And Contrast Heathcliff And Byronic Heroine1089 Words   |  5 Pagesmarriage proposal. Heathcliff is more Cathrine than she herself is. Heathcliff is a Byronic Hero in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights. Because Heathcliff and Catherine are of the same soul, Catherine is also a Byronic heroine. Heathcliff is more Cathrine than Catherine herself, and therefore more Byronic hero than she is heroine. Bronte’s use of both a Byronic hero and heroine allowed her to criticize a largely male audiences’ dismissal of works by female authors. A Byronic hero is a character commonlyRead More A Different Perspective of Heathcliff866 Words   |  4 Pagestraditional hero? In many works of literature, the author portrays a character that is faced with many difficult obstacles, in which the character often prevails and becomes a hero. The challenges, which the character undergoes, allows the reader to appreciate the character due to their bravery, courage, and their willingness to sacrifice. In Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontà «, many readers are able to view Heathcliff as a hero, but how? Heathcliff is not a traditional hero. In fact, the term Byronic heroRead More Wuthering Heights- Is Heathcliff a man or a devil? Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesHeights- Is Heathcliff a man or a devil? Wuthering Heights was written by Emily Brontà « and was first published in 1847, it was written during the romantic period, it is a story of love, lust and sorrow all held together by extreme passion, love and hate. One of the main characters in the book Wuthering Heights is Heathcliff, he was a orphan who lived in Liverpool, we find very little about Heathcliffs past before he is adopted by the Earnshaws, which makes Heathcliff a mysteriousRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights And Frankenstein 789 Words   |  4 PagesCreature and Heathcliff, there is a revealing of a great similarity. Due to these items, each are categorized as the Byronic hero, which is the center of the similarity, along with love. Each character has an unknown identity. Heathcliff is brought in as an orphan child from Liverpool. No one knows his first name, last name, age, birthday, or parents. On page 36 of Wuthering Heights, it says, â€Å"Not a soul knew to whom it belonged†¦he would not leave it as he found it†, talking about Heathcliff. As theRead MoreComparing Emily Brontà «s Wuthering Heights to Mary Shelleys Frankenstein911 Words   |  4 Pagesgothic Genre. A great deal of gloom and horror, terror, fear, and high emotions are felt while viewing each film. As in any film a hero plays a large role in establishing the many elements of a particular genre. In both films there is not so much a hero as there is a Byronic Hero. In Emily Bront#235;s Wuthering Heights the character Heathcliff is the Byronic hero through such traits as being emotionally destructive. This is shown through his actions towards Isabella. He leads her to believe thatRead MoreThe Romantic Era Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights2095 Words   |  9 Pagesincludes shorter narratives by the housekeeper Ellen Dean. All of those narratives concern the impact of Heathcliff, the foundling, on the two families of Earnshaw and Linton in a remote district of Yorkshire by the end of the eighteenth century. Indignant by the abuse and the marriage of Catherine Earnshaw, whom he loves, to the prosperous Edgar Linton, Heathcliff decides to take revenge. Heathcliff fails to be unleashed from his love-hate relationship with Catherine, after her death in childbirth.Read MoreThe Romant ic Era Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights2154 Words   |  9 Pagesincludes shorter narratives by the housekeeper Ellen Dean. All of those narratives concern the impact of Heathcliff, the foundling, on the two families of Earnshaw and Linton in a remote district of Yorkshire by the end of the eighteenth century. Indignant by the abuse and the marriage of Catherine Earnshaw, whom he loves, to the prosperous Edgar Linton, Heathcliff decides to take revenge. Heathcliff fails to be unleashed from his love-hate relationship with Catherine, after her death in childbirth.

The Munich Putsch 1923 †source related study Free Essays

string(187) " witnesses agree that Hitler did not act heroically, what makes the source much more reliable is that Dr Walter Scultz also mentioned in the source that Hitler did not behave heroically\." 1. Source C, Prelude To Terror was written by Richard Hanser in 1971 and seeks to discredit Hitler and show him as a coward we know this because he says that Hitler pretended he was shot dead and then fled from the scene of battle. And he also wrote â€Å"at no point did he behave heroically† and â€Å"he did not exactly cover himself with glory†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Munich Putsch 1923 – source related study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hanser also wrote sarcastically that it is extremely hard or maybe impossible for the average man to lift someone even if he or she was a child. â€Å"Not an easy thing to do with only one arm in working order†. By saying this Hanser thinks the event about Hitler saving a little boy is a story, he thinks source B by John Toland is a story. Source B is a story made up by the Nazis while source C is more likely to be what had actually happened. Source B on the other hand was published by John Toland in 1976 and is sympathetic towards Hitler, he uses words such as â€Å"painfully†, â€Å"struggled†, â€Å"slowly† and â€Å"agony† to describe how. John’s sympathy continues by John describing how Hitler looked whilst he was escaping, he had a â€Å"pale face†, â€Å"cradling his injured arm† and his hair was â€Å"falling over his face† , according to John’s description of what Hitler looked like when he escaped from the battle. Then John Toland said Hitler wanted to pick up a little boy who was â€Å"bleeding profusely†, and carry him to safety but schultze (Hitler’s driver) told him not to and called someone else to take him. Source B views Hitler as a hero who cares deeply of Germany and it’s citizens. John seems to have based this source on Nazi myth. The writer of source C wants to show Hitler as a coward. Hanser thinks that the Nazis made up a story about a little boy, this story is source B. 2. Source A is written by Konrad Heiden and is more likely to be true then sources B, C and D. It is more reliable then these sources because source A contains information provided by a witness that was their probably at the time of the Munich Putsch and saw the event. However witnesses are people who can forget over long periods of time, the witness information of source A was retrieved thirteen years after the event in which he or she could have forgotten. The witness could lie or be biased because he or she might want Hitler to look bad, as he does in Konrad Heidens witness account. Witnesses can get confused over long periods of time if they not clear of what happened and can slightly change the fact if they give their view of what happened. However eyewitnesses have seen the event that they talk about. A witness, as in one witness is less reliable then several witnesses. If witnesses agree on an event that event is more likely to be true then a single witness who could be biased, lying, confused or forgotten about what happened. Source A agrees with sources C and E. Source B is probably the least reliable out of all the four sources because, for a start it does not agree with any of the sources except unreliable source D. Which means that it probably is not true. The writer of source B, John Toland had his view of the Munich Putsch published fifty-three years after the event so probably got his information from secondary sources. If there were witnesses or a witness account in the source then John probably would have stated it. It is unlikely that a witness could survive for over sixty years of age And if he/she did, it would be hard for he/she to remember from the age of about seven. Witnesses or a witness could have forgotten over a long period of time such as fifty-three years. It is unlikely that John’s source had been assisted by a witness or witnesses. Source B is based on the Nazi propaganda of making Hitler and the Nazi party appear the fittest party for ruling Germany. Source B is very unreliable. Source C was written forty-eight years after the Munich Putsch so also probably was not aided by any witnesses. Richard Hanser the writer of source C agrees with source A that Hitler acted cowardly during the event. Richard says, â€Å"at no point did he behave heroically†. Page 2 Source A says Hitler â€Å"was the first to get up, run backwards and drive away† which means source A also views Hitler as a coward. Although no witnesses were used to assist source C, source C agrees with the witness assisted source A. Source C is reliable. Source D is a section of the Social Democrats election poster. All parties are expected to discredit all other parties so that they win the most votes and rule. This is what the Social Democrats are doing with source D. We can see this because the election poster says Hitler was â€Å"lying flat on his belly in front of the Feldherrnhalle†, a building near to where the shooting took place. And that he â€Å"crawled† into a car. The poster uses words like â€Å"crawled† and â€Å"belly† to suggest that Hitler was like a worm, weak and slow, and to say Hitler was not heroic. â€Å"Whoever is ill can seek his help with complete confidence† by saying this. The Social Democratic party wants people to think Hitler is weak and slow concerning the ruling of Germany and that everyone knows this. The election poster is biased towards Hitler and the Nazis because they want people to vote for them and not other parties like the Nazis. Basically source D is propaganda for the Social Democrats to win votes, this source is very unreliable. Source E is the most reliable because it was aided by several witnesses, one of those witnesses was Dr Walter Scultz, a German doctor. All the witnesses agree that Hitler did not act heroically, what makes the source much more reliable is that Dr Walter Scultz also mentioned in the source that Hitler did not behave heroically. You read "The Munich Putsch 1923 – source related study" in category "Papers" Shultz is a German doctor, so you would expect him to lie and say that Hitler was a hero. All of the witnesses agree that Hitler â€Å"was the first to get up and turn his back† and that Hitler â€Å"spirited off to the country home†¦. Where Putzi’s wife and sister nursed him and where two days later he was arrested†. These quotes backed up by several witnesses further the reliable theory that Hitler is a coward and not a hero. The doctor did not lie, this is what makes this evidence more reliable then all of the other sources, including source A. The writer of source E seems to have checked the witness accounts with other sources of evidence to make sure the witnesses are telling the truth. Source E is supported by the reliable sources A and C. 3. A writer like John Toland would face the following problems when trying to research exactly what happened during the Munich Putsch in 1923. Firstly he would need to find witnesses because witnesses are a very reliable source of Information. Because John Toland’s written piece of information was published in 1976 It would be hard for him to find witnesses since most would be dead (humans live for about fifty to sixty years). If he did find a witness that witness would be very old, about seventy and would probably not remember exactly what happened. The witness would not be very clear on what happened and probably would have forgotten parts of what happened during the Munich Putsch. He/she has the ability to lie, be biased or he or she might have forgotten what happened over such a long period of time. A witness’s memory could be poor or the witness might be confused or might not be sure what happened. A witness may not be willing to give information about the event or might be ashamed that they took part and deny that they took part, they might hide the fact that they were there. The available evidence could be propaganda, it could have been made up or changed to make someone change the way they think, or to cover up a mistake made by a person or group of people. A writer like John Toland might face problems with documents, documents can be propaganda or biased to one side. Incriminating evidence could have been destroyed after or during a war to hide or censor information. Because of the long time between John Toland’s written source and the Munich Putsch primary evidence such as photographs and written information could have been worn out and be difficult to see or read. Also to take into consideration by a writer like Toland is that a photograph could be made up/posed for, or changed. A way of telling if a photograph has been posed for is if the people in it are looking directly at the camera or if a large number of them are facing the camera. If people in a photograph look surprised or if a few or none of the people in it are facing the camera, that photograph probably is genuine. To check if a photograph has been changed it will have to be viewed by a powerful magnifying glass or high tech computer to check for any unusual aspects. Written documents can also be forged, destroyed or could have been worn out so that it would be difficult to read or impossible to read. To check if a document was forged the document Page 3 suspected of being forged should be compared with a genuine document if possible. Torn documents can be pieced together like a puzzle if its pieces were found. 4. An opinion is a point of view; it is what a person thinks about something. Opinions are not capable of being true; an opinion cannot be used as proof. The example of an opinion from source C I have chosen is â€Å"at no point did he behave heroically†. The reason I chose this is because whether a person is a hero or not depends on how a person thinks and feels. This is an opinion, not a fact; it is not necessarily true. A person might say that Hitler was a leader of an army, he should be brave and help his soldiers/secret police in any and every way possible. He should set an example and raise their morale. He should not be throwing himself down as soon as the shooting began and then running away when he got the chance, he should have fought back and helped his men. This is an opinion. Another person might say that a leader of an army should throw himself down for cover and then run away for safety. This is another opinion. They are both two very different opinions. It all depends on a point of view. An opinion is a point of view it can not be fact. However it can still help to find the truth. 5. The fact that reference is made in source E to the testimony of a witness makes it likely to be more reliable than sources B and C. The reason being that source E has been aided by several witnesses that all agree. Witness evidence is a very reliable source of evidence because an eyewitness has actually seen and heard the event; he/she has been there at the time. However witnesses evidence can also be unreliable. An eyewitness can lie, be biased or confused. They might do these thing to cover up their blame, or they might have regretted something, they might be biased because they may want something or someone To look better then it is/was. They might have forgotten about the event or what had happened during the time because so much time has gone by. They might not be clear on what happened or might get mixed up and changed what actually happened, (the fact) to a different story or opinion. Source E is backed up by a Nazi doctor, who would be likely to say that Hitler acted heroically, but he did not say this, in fact he said the opposite â€Å"Hitler was the first to get up and turn back†. Although sources C and B have not been aided by witnesses (no witnesses were mentioned in these two sources), and they have been based on secondary sources; source C is supported by source E in that they both display Hitler as not heroic and cowardly behaved during the Putsch. Sources B and C were published around fifty years after the Putsch, this makes them likely to have been based on secondary sources and withought witness evidence; since witnesses can not usually live long enough up to that time. Source B is not supported by any evidence and seems to have been based on Nazi propaganda, John Toland seems to have not check his piece of writing with other sources. Source B has not been supported by any witness evidence. Source B is the least reliable out of sources E, C, and B. 6. Source E best supports the explanation of events offered in source A because both of these sources give similar accounts of what Hitler did when the Munich Putsch was occurring. Here is an example of what I mean, in source E, William L Shirer, the writer, says Hitler â€Å"was the first to get up and turn back†. He also said â€Å"Hitler was the first to scamper to safety†. Similarly to both of these quotes from source E, source A’s writer Konrad Heiden has written that Hitler â€Å"was the first to get up, run backwards and drive away†. The last part. In source A it is also said that Hitler did â€Å"drive away† during the putsch, source E also states Hitler â€Å"hustled into the waiting motor car†. The final similarity in both sources is that Hitler’s soldiers were left behind when Hitler fled from the gun battle. In source A it is written that Hitler left â€Å"whilst hundreds of his comrades were still lying on the ground†, in source E it is written Hitler was â€Å"leaving his dead and wounded comrades lying in the street†. 7. A historian would need to consider a large amount of things when using a photograph (source F) and painting (source G), as evidence of the Munich Putsch. He/she will need to know that a photograph can be a reliable source of evidence, but they can be posed for or faked after the Putsch, which can make them unreliable. Page 4 Source F looks realistic because- * The people in it are not facing the camera, in fact most of their backs can be clearly seen, therefore it was not posed for * There are armed soldiers in it carrying rifles, short lances and they are mounted on horses This means there was, still is or is going to be trouble, probably between armed people. * The crowd of people in it are looking to the right of the photograph, where something out of the ordinary is happening, has happened or is going to happen, this is where the trouble is The historian needs to consider why this photograph was taken and who took it. Source F was probably taken by a passer by or by a journalist for a newspaper. He or she has to consider when it was taken. In source F’s case it was in 1923 on the 9th of November, the same day the Munich Putsch took place, this makes it more reliable. Source F does not attempt to spread a message to its viewers, it is neutral; a historian needs to be able to check whether a photograph is trying to convey a message or if a photograph is just displaying pure facts. A historian needs to know that a painting does not usually intend to tell the truth, it displays what the artist thinks about something. Source G is what its artist thinks about the Beer Hall Putsch. This particular painting is Nazi propaganda, it was painted in 1933, ten years after the Putsch when Hitler came to power. It was probably painted to make Hitler seem like a powerful leader who the German people can trust and to make him and the Nazi party more popular. We know this because in the painting Hitler is standing high above all the other people and he is speaking confidently, we know he is speaking confidently because he is using arm movements to enforce his views and to make the people easily understand what he is saying. All different kinds and classes of German people are shown behind Hitler, listening very carefully as if they want what Hitler is saying to become true. For any paintings and photos to be accepted as evidence they should be checked for reliability against as many sources as possible. How to cite The Munich Putsch 1923 – source related study, Papers

Consider the thematic and/ or symbolic significance of time in Pearce, P., Toms Midnight Garden and Lewis, C.S. Essay Example For Students

Consider the thematic and/ or symbolic significance of time in Pearce, P., Toms Midnight Garden and Lewis, C.S. Essay Both texts further contain elements of time slip fantasy. In order to make time slip fantasies believable, both authors begin their novels by placing their protagonists in the present. Usually, the characters are contemporary boys or girls, with whom the reader can identify with and the beginning of the novel is spent in drawing the reader into the characters worlds and problems. Once the authenticity of this final world as been established, the protagonist experiences a time shift into either the past or the future. Egoff, states that It is the time in the real world that stands still; the presence of the time traveller must be accounted for in the other world. Once placed into another time, the setting again becomes crucial to the believability of fantasy, that is why the authors in both The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and Toms Midnight Garden expend an enormous amount of time and energy to develop place in the other world. In The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe the children enter into the magical world of Narnia, and when Lucy makes the first discovery, this is when the reader first realises that time in Narnia works differently to that of the real world. Lucy is anxious to get back home, as she is worried that her siblings will be looking for her: Ive got to go home at once. The others will be wondering what has happened to me. However, when she returns, she is shocked and horrified when she realises that time has not past by, and seen as though she has been away for hours and hours, she cannot comprehend how the others have not been in search for her. This is due to the fact that time comes to a stand still in the real world, and when they enter Narnia time works in a different way. While time passes by in Narnia, and the children go through several adventures, the time in reality remains stagnant. But why does the author do this? This is due to the fact that time is the only means in which the reader can evoke something different and other because everything else in Narnia, such as living conditions, good and evil take place, just like the normal world. So in order to differentiate fantasy and reality the author must use the thematic and symbolic importance of time. Time in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is extremely significant because without it the story would not have been possible, as the children would not have had any time in Narnia, to have experienced any of the adventures. It is the halting of time in the real world which makes the story possible and a success. The children are not confined or constrained by time, this being the excitement and thrill of it all, as this is what intrigues the child reader, as every child longs for freedom of time, especially when out on discoveries and adventures. Furthermore, it is only through the passage of the literal time along with the passage of the narration, that the children learn and in a sense explore the journey from childhood to adulthood. This is definitely seen within the character of Edmund. For the first half of the book, Edmund is as spiteful and mean as it is possible for a young boy to be, but his character through time of the narration and the time slip fantasy, allows him to transform half way through the novel. .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc , .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc .postImageUrl , .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc , .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc:hover , .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc:visited , .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc:active { border:0!important; } .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc:active , .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uee66a26496208fc7146a4aa3732f0adc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Loves Diet by John Donne EssayThe witchs box of Turkish delights initially seduces Edmund, and this magical candy causes insatiable greed for more in the unfortunate eater. However, it is a mixture of greed along with innocence and gullibility that lure Edmund into the hands of the evil witch. Being a child, he is unable to peruse the witchs tactics and ulterior motives. Originally, Edmund is a traitor because of his greed and Turkish delight. Later, it is evident that Edmund is corrupted by desire for power and by the lavish promises of the witch. As time passes by in Narnia, Edmund eventually comes to realise that the witch treats him like a slave rather than a prince. He also expresses empathy and latent kindness when he witnesses the witch petrifying a happy group of small forest animals, and for the first time in the novel he Felt sorry for someone besides himself. Eventually, Edmund fully realises the witchs true intentions and the benevolence of Aslan, a discussion with Aslan seems to cement this change. It is only through the passage of time that Edmund realises his mistakes. As a result, he distinguishes between good and evil, which is symbolic in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe as Christ and the devil. At the beginning Edmund was afraid of the witch, but in the end he stands up for himself in battle and helps slay the white witch, which earned him the title king He was called King Edmund the Just. Here we see time has matured him, from a timid and naive child, believing everything the witch says to him, he transforms into a man who fights for what he thinks is ultimately right. However, when he returns to the real world, he becomes a child once again, although he still has recollection of the events in Narnia which matured him. A further aspect of the book, which is significance of the symbolic theme of time, is the changing of the seasons. From the harsh, cruel and violent winter, the season then changes to spring. It is the witch that casts an enchanted, eternal winter on Narnia, symbolising a dead, stagnant time. Nothing grows, animals hibernate, and people crouch around fire rather than enjoying the outdoors. Nearly every human being has a visceral negative reaction to winter, even when it is at a normal length. We can imagine how quickly eternal winter would become intolerable. The witchs winter destroys the beauty and the life in Narnia. There is a pristine appeal to woods blanketed in snow and frozen waterfalls, but our overall impression is of a barren, empty land. The season of winter is a perfect and ideal way to represent that Narnia has fallen under an evil regime. Not only is nature frozen, but the witch also freezes the poor Narnians when they annoy her; she freezes them into stone with her gold wand. The fact that she turns living things into stone, suggests that she is freezing time, as time cannot progress due her evil powers. She denounces time, as through time the seasons change, which she detests as she wants to have Narnia under the season of winter eternally. However, when Aslan arrives in Narnia, spring occurs but of course, Christmas occurs before spring can come. Christmas in the novel is definitely a significant symbol of time, because Christ was born at Christmas. It is Christmas time that signals hope for mankind: With the birth of Christ we are given hope of new life. Spring follows Christmas and all of a sudden the woods are completely alive. Flowers are blooming, springs and brooks are chuckling, birds are singing, and delightful smells waft pass on gentle breezes. Therefore, this time change of the seasons is very significant in Narnia, because they are not ordinary seasons. Winter is the time of season which symbolises death; therefore with the occurrence of spring, Narnia is experiencing the epitome of life.

The Sherlock Holmes stories Essay Example For Students

The Sherlock Holmes stories Essay Sherlock Holmes is introduced later on in A Study in Scarlet as a detective, this is after he has demonstrated his skill to Watson and to the reader and firmly established himself as an intelligent man. Sherlock Holmes nature as a detective is important as at the time it was written London was growing and with it crime was growing too, people didnt feel safe. The Sherlock Holmes stories gave a sense of morality. Sherlock Holmes showed that there was still some good in the world looking out for the reader and that even in this growing London full of bad things there was still good, this idea gave the stories a lot of popularity. We will write a custom essay on The Sherlock Holmes stories specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Sherlock Holmes scientific background is also very important in terms of how the stories gained their popularity. Victorian society was a society whose faith in religion had been shaken; Charles Darwin had just written his book outlining his discoveries and theories, The Origin of the Species. This had left a hole in peoples lives where God used to be a good force protecting them. Sherlock Holmes could fill that hole. Science had over taken religion and had apparently taken over the goodness of God that was looking after everybody but Sherlock Holmes was another good force, one powered by science. He was working for the greater good and he was protecting the people of Victorian society, who where also his readers, he was by all accounts filling the God shaped hole. Sherlock Holmes made Darwins theories easier to accept as he showed science in a good light, as something not to be feared but as something that could help people. It was because of Sherlock Holmes usefulness in doing this that he gained a lot of his popularity.  He has his own little methods, which are, if he wont mind my saying so, just a little too theoretical and fantastic.. The inadequacy of Londons police force in the Victorian times was a worry for the reader of Sherlock Holmes. The police couldnt be trusted and as such when they say this it helps the reader believe in Sherlock Holmes and his ability, helping them to enjoy the story and helping them feel secure while reading it. The police where inadequate in Victorian times so obviously the readers of Victorian times enjoyed reading about a fictional detective who was using these fantastic techniques. Police in Victorian times where lacking in numbers, there where only 10 detectives in the whole of London and these werent very good, crimes where often left unsolved or only solved by the extracting of a confession. The people of London had to fear crime and had to fear the police because of these extracted confession. The police where unorganised and not very intelligent, unlike Sherlock Holmes who was intelligent, organised and scientific which was basically what the people where looking for in the almost non-existent police force. Holmes was like a machine, and he was what the readers wanted which helped him to gain even more popularity. The character of Holmes himself is one of the reasons the stories have gained so much popularity. Holmes is a complex character and he is reflected in some of the views at the time. Holmes scientific nature is reflected in the advances of science of the time and his personality is a more interesting factor. Sigmund Freud had just invented modern psychology and his mental iceberg and many writers of the time had tried to explore his ideas. Sherlock Holmes is an interesting representation of these ideas. Freuds mental iceberg consisted of 3 layers, the ego, the id and the super ego. The id is the seat of all our primitive desires, if it was left in control we would act out our deepest darkest desires. The ego is set to reason with the id so that we do not go out of control and then after the negotiation is done the superego surveys the results. .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a , .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a .postImageUrl , .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a , .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a:hover , .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a:visited , .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a:active { border:0!important; } .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a:active , .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1eb72c7434cf79a67a07afb7c07bed0a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Commentary on: In the Room of a Thousand Miles EssaySherlock could be described as an actual representation of these 3 things, for example Sherlock Holmes often indulges himself in things he likes halfway through a case, such as a concert or opium, this is the id in action but he always works towards the greater good again afterwards, never fully stopping just to indulge himself and letting a case go, this is the ego negotiating with the id, then at the end of each story when he is pleased with the results he surveys them and that is the superego in action. There are examples of this in the Man with the Twisted Lip when Holmes is found by Watson in an opium den, this shows Holmes in a less invincible light and less like a superhero with amazing powers to solve crimes but more as a person with an incredible talent, this makes him easier to relate to. The language and structure used in the stories would have added greatly to their popularity in Victorian times. The structure was like a police report, the facts where presented and everything was worked out scientifically with a good solid explanation, it was predictable and this gave the reader a sense of comfort. The language used by Watson is well ordered and Victorian, it is to the point and clear; this also helps give the reader a sense of security, they want to read something steady with no surprises and they are reading for entertainment and dont want anything to change so there are no drastic changes in the structures of the stories. There is also occasionally some language that strays away from the predictable and dull nature of the police report style in which Conan Doyle adds a more human element to the story with flashes of description. This can be seen in The Man with Twisted Lip: Folk who were in grief came to my wife like birds to a lighthouse. These memorable descriptive snippets add a more interesting and human side to the stories and stop them from becoming monotonous. There are elements of humour present in the Red Headed League for example when Holmes says A sandwich, and a cup of coffee, and then off to violin land, where all is sweetness, and delicacy, and harmony, and there are no red-headed clients to vex us with their conundrums. The very nature of the Red Headed League is humorous and once again this adds more to the entertainment value of the stories, giving them a comic relief factor. It is also a credit to Conan Doyle as he shows his wit and use of literary techniques such as irony to create humour. The modern reader can enjoy Sherlock Holmes as the stories are still entertaining even today, the stories are inter-active and many readers may enjoy guessing the results to the cases or pretending to be Sherlock Holmes themselves, these are just two reasons Sherlock Holmes is still popular today.  In conclusion Sherlock Holmes is a very influential character that had an impact on Victorian England the results of which can still be seen today, as his popularity is still strong.

Effective Performance Management

Effective Performance Management Free Online Research Papers Performance is your reality, forget everything else. It is an immutable law in business that words are words, explanations are explanations, promises are promises- but only performance is reality. Harold S. Geneen 1910-1997, Communications executive1 Abstract The paper seeks to show that Effective Performance Management has become the core of Human Resources and is revitalizing, reenergizing and rejuvenating HR. The challenges faced by the present day organization are broadly discussed under the effectiveness of its performance management systems, which ultimately acts as a catalyst for employee engagements and their effective performance. This paper explores through its findings a new performance management system for improving overall organizational performance in general, through inventing new dimension for effective individual performances in specific. A framework is developed for the implementation of effective performance management in any organization. This paper is explicitly directed towards various parameters for energising human resources and serves interesting food for thought for the future managers dealing with performance management. Introduction Performance management, as pertaining to human resource management (HRM), is the process of delivering sustained success to organizations’ by improving capabilities of individuals and teams. It supports the philosophical principle that people and not capital provide organizations’ with a competitive advantage. However, performance management presents severe challenges in terms of practical implementation. Previous studies have largely failed to overcome many of the organizational constraints on its successful implementation. Overcoming barriers to change is especially important given their close relationship to the fulfilment of the psychological contract2 and related HRM systems (reward, development, etc.). The psychological contract construct consists of the existence of a â€Å"soft† set of expectations held by the employee, which have to be organized and managed. Within the relationship defined by these constructs, the employer and the employee inform, negoti ate, monitor and then re-negotiate (or exit) the employment relationship. Thus, if the employee feels that a performance management approach breaches or violates their psychological contract expectations this can lead to an irrevocable breakdown in the employment relationship. Careful implementation of performance tools is therefore crucial to their success as contributors to organizational development. Performance Management as a core of HR Performance appraisals, performance reviews, appraisal forms; whatever we want to call them, let’s call them gone.3 As a standalone, a performance appraisal is universally disliked, after all how many people in any organization want to hear that they were less than perfect last year or how many managers want to face the argument and diminish morale that can result from the performance appraisal process. If the true goal of the performance appraisal is employee development and organizational improvement, we consider moving to effective performance management system. There has been a paradigm shift in the focus of HR from the early days where craftspeople organized guilds using unity to improve working conditions. Companies in today’s era focus on performance of employees which in turn helps the organization’s performance. No doubt that effective performance management has become a core of HR. Performance management to support organizational change The ultimate competitive asset of any organization is its people, thus organizations should develop employee competencies in a manner aligned with the organization’s business goals. This can be achieved through performance management systems, which act as both behavioural change tool and enabler of performance management system improved organizational performance through being instrumental in driving change. This can then be institutionalized through organizational policies, systems and structures. Performance management aims to emphasize and encourage desired and valued behaviours, thus is a key tool of communication and motivation within organizations seeking a competitive edge through strategic change and control. A visionary performance management then becomes a system for translating organizational intention and ambition into action and results, delivering a strategic goal, such as behavioural change. The system also brings focus to organisational change and development, particularly regarding competencies. When competency profiles support company goals, they become instrumental in developing the human resources necessary to deliver business goals. As a result, performance management system is an important tool for communicating priorities and for providing feedback to stimulate employees to meet the new expectations. Role and importance of effective performance management system Changing individual employee behaviour lies at the heart of organizational change programmes. This is because they ignore or violate established change psychology principles. Senior management can assume that because they are ready to pro-actively embrace change, their employees will be equally pro-active. However, imposing action on employees who are not prepared results in conflict. Typically, only 20 percent of employees in organizations are prepared to take positive action in response to change initiatives. More than 70 percent of new strategic initiatives fail for this reason.4 Thus, to be successful in shaping behaviour, performance management systems must achieve acceptance by those being â€Å"managed†. Modern organizations need to respond more effectively to changing external and internal environments, and organizational learning has become an important strategic focus. By anticipating and responding to changes in the environment through proactive learning interventions, some organizations are evolving into learning organizations. Nonetheless, the question of how to best transform behaviours through organizational learning and development remains. In reality, many change initiatives fail because either organizational culture is not ready to change at that time, or because they do not anticipate the impact of change on human systems. Initiatives in the latter category typically result in resistance and ultimately failure of the change initiative. As mentioned earlier, one method that organizations can use to affect employee competencies in a manner aligned with the organization’s change is to develop robust performance management systems. Analysis of performance management in terms of key result areas KRA’s refer to general areas of outcomes or outputs for which a role is responsible. The KRA’s should be clearly defined. Once, the KRA’s are defined the individual can chart a process to achieve the KRA’s. KRA’s are also known as Key Work Output’s (KWO’s). An effective performance management system can facilitate change and innovation by both demonstrating their relationship with the overall strategy, and by supporting and monitoring the progress towards achieving the ultimate goal. It is therefore a crucially important tool for communicating priorities and for providing feedback on employees’ contributions towards achieving organizational goals. The purpose of the performance management system is to ensure that the work performed by employees is in accordance with the established objectives of the company. Employees should have a clear understanding of the quality and quantity of work expected from them and simultaneously receives ongoing information about how effectively they are standing as to the standards/benchmarks. Opportunities for employee development are identified and employee performance that does not meet standards are appropriately addressed. Moreover an operative performance management system consists of a process for communicating employee performance expectations, maintaining performance management dialogues and conducting annual performance appraisals. It is a procedure for encouraging and facilitating employee development and resolving performance pay disputes. Performance management system serves a strategic purpose because they help link employee activities with the organization’s mission and goals.5 It serves as a basis for employment decisions to promote outstanding performers, to train, transfer or discipline others, and to award merit increases. Data regarding employee performance can serve as criteria in HR research. They can help establish objectives for training programs. Finally, performance management system allows organizations to keep proper records to document HR decisions and legal requirements. A website research 6 conducted on BSE listed companies revealed the four key result areas that are critical for any performance management system and how each of these areas which has a number of dimensions, can be measured by key performance indicators. The four key result areas are as follows: I. Developing external relationship: The PMS should consider the three key performance indicators while considering employee performance to achieve the KRA of developing external relationship: firstly, contractual agreements i.e. managing policy and procedures for agreements which are implemented and reviewed annually and handling major research contracts renewed with stakeholders. Secondly, to create new strategic alliances such as its success can be measured by reviewing annually the number of competitor or collaborator analysis undertaken and new collaborations established and developed and finally to develop lines of communication such as quarterly reviewing, the visits made by the shareholders and information about research and education activities provided to stakeholders in written and electronic format. Communicating this Idea to employees and evaluating their commitment levels through structured parameters will help in achieving organisational objective. II. Building organisational capabilities: Similarly, PMS has to also consider dimensions such as to attract and retain the right people i.e. to review annually so as to identify and resolve gaps in the performance of the leaders and provide and implement strategic, analysis based advice performance management system for all staffs. Secondly, the system fosters a value driven culture which includes code of conduct developed around share values, rewarding employees and implementing a recognition system to reinforce culture. Finally, it creates a supportive structure and systems which includes implementation of most effective organisational structure, reviewing annually the policies, systems and procedural documented. This KRA will finally contribute towards enhancing skill based performance for quality work. III. Taking a selective and focussed approach: The PMS should check the employee’s work focus which can be measured by reviewing annually the service level agreements and how these agreements are benefiting the key stakeholders. In the light of this KRA the employees are able to meet up to the expectations of their job description and accordingly see and evaluate their respective performances as a transparent system. IV. Maintaining quality research, service and education output: The last key area helps to ensure relevance to the organisation’s mission by consistent work with strategic direction and available skills. Performance management can be measured through milestones achieved. Also, it measures work impact which can in turn be measured through new knowledge that is being published or presented, identification of changes to policies or practices and finally customer satisfaction which can be measured with the help of surveys conducted. This will contribute towards managing talent in the organisation and exploring opportunities for potential employees and also for succession planning. BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTING EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS7:- 1. Organizational Barriers – Variations in performance within systems may be due to common causes or special causes. Common causes are faults that are built into the system due to prior decisions, defects in materials, flaws in the design of the system, or some other managerial shortcoming. Special causes are those attributable to a particular event, a particular operator, or a subgroup within the system. 2. Political Barriers – Political considerations are organizational facts of life. Appraisals take place in an organisational environment that is anything but completely rational, straight-forward, or dispassionate. It appears that achieving accuracy in appraisal is less important to managers than motivating and rewarding their subordinates. Many managers will not allow excessively accurate ratings to cause problems for themselves. 3. Interpersonal Barriers – Interpersonal barriers also may hinder the performance management process. Because of a lack of communication, employees may think they are being judged according to one set of standards when their superiors actually use different ones. Furthermore, supervisors often delay or resist making face-to-face appraisals. Rather than confronting substandard performers with low ratings, negative feed-back, and below-average salary increases, supervisors often find it easier to â€Å"damn with faint praise† by giving average or above-average salary ratings to inferior performers. Performance Managers Performance managers 8 can improve on a performance measurement system, as objectively as possible, upon discussion with the line managers. They need to clearly define the role for each position in the organisation, and communicate the positions to the new entrants respectively. They may formulate a reward system that is in tune with industry standards, and companys retention and performance strategy, and take local and overseas opportunities as factors of consideration. As facilitators of training and development activities, they may identify their teams’ individual training needs which may involve technological, behavioural or cross-cultural contents. As career counsellors, they may develop different career paths technical or managerial, and attempt to satisfy the needs of the employees. ANALYSIS of a few sectors in India Inc. This research mainly covered the facts of effective performance management and the ways in which PMS is rejuvenating HR. HR across industries is getting a facelift and PMS is playing the most crucial role. Companies strive to align the employee’s personal goals and organizational goals to achieve high performance for both organization and employee. a) PwC Advisory, help leaders anticipate, create, and manage change through effective strategy execution via: Business transformation. Improving business processes. Respond to crises. Combine the discipline of a public accounting firm with the creativity of a consultant. Focus on action, impact and value. These are a few of distinctive things which PwC does, the core belief of PwC HR services are shown in this diagram below:- Integrating these three core values PwC has designed a.) Complete performance management framework which is not only applied in PwC, but also given as consultancy under human resource services for implementation in those organizations. b) The construction industry represents an interesting sector within which to explore organizational initiatives because, as one of the most established project-based sectors, it is subject to frequent change. The industry is currently being challenged to improve its performance by benchmarking its performance against other sectors and developing strategic approaches to align organizational and supply chain processes. Within construction, fragmentation and institutionally grounded vested interests have stymied performance improvement and limited the impact of HRM mechanisms used successfully in other sectors. Performance management, it is the processes involved in change that are crucial rather than the quality of the system per se which is being now understood in the construction industry. A case study finding suggests that the most important factor in a successful strategic initiative is the attitude of those affected and that has what has to change in construction industry. Commit ment and motivation are crucial to the success of a new initiative and the organization must introduce hard procedures to support them. On the basis of a research done by ABC consultancies, a new implementation framework has been developed for effective performance management system. This comprises an amalgam of practices drawn from a range of studies presenting prerequisites for the success of new initiatives responding to the barriers in the industry. The key components of this strategy are:- Support and leadership: Whether employees have the time and resources for improvement efforts. Strategic planning: The new strategy should be consistent with the overall strategic direction of the company and appropriate to the market conditions. Planning the implementation: Operational planning, Resource allocation. Appropriate training and education: Help employees to understand what is going on and why. Monitoring and evaluation: Control and feedback. c) â€Å"The Indian IT industry has set an exceptionally high standard with regard to workplace and employee practices. With the continued growth and rapid evolution of the industry, as well as the changing aspirations of its young workforce, IT companies small or large will have to constantly look at innovation to excel as employers,† said Kiran Karnik, president, Nasscom, in a statement. Small and medium-sized IT and business outsourcing companies are constantly looking at adopting best practices such as innovative performance appraisal system, individual career development programmes and recreational activities, to make themselves more attractive to employees in a fiercely competitive market, says a survey on exciting emerging companies in India conducted by the National Association of Software and Services Companies (Nasscom). Corbus, for instance, has been conducting a bi-annual anonymous survey called Chetna for the past six years to find out from its employees their perception on all facets of organisation including HR, finance, administration, leadership and communication. At the BPO company, which has seen its attrition rate coming down to 8% from 28% last year, employees are encouraged to post their feedback anonymously, which is taken up by teams that can address it the best. By creatively designing the total reward package towards more short-term incentives and benefits, and linking the package to performance, companies can ensure that they get higher productivity without hefty increases in salary costs and minimise attrition costs at the same time. The general parameters for the measurement of employees’ performance in BPO’s are: Speed i.e. process performance, Accuracy and Productivity of each process, Although the measuring parameters are different for employees at different level, but the general classification of the above mentioned parameters for â€Å"Customer care Executives† and â€Å"Team leaders† are as follows: Average Call Value (the sales made or the revenue collected etc.) Time and cost per call Average Handling Time (talk time and after call wrap up) Adherence to Schedule (availability to take calls etc.) Percentage of abandoned calls Discipline Attendance According to a recent survey – â€Å"The Pay for Performance can be as much as 22% of the salary.† Thus, good performance is highly rated in the IT and BPO industry. Recommendations for effective performance management:- 1) Senior management should show commitment – The process of performance management within the company lacks participation and benefits none without active senior management support and leadership. 2) Employee resistance should be kept minimal – PMS is made for aligning the goals of employee and the organization, thus, effective performance management system is only going to be effective when employees understand the importance of performance management system in their own careers. 3) Training infrastructure and capacity building programs – Surprisingly, given the level of resources provided for the rollout of the new performance management system, employees at every level of the organization appear to lack the necessary knowledge and skills required for their particular contribution to the system. 4) Benchmarking – Effective performance management can only be sustained when the performances are compared with the standards set in the organization and as this is done on a continuous basis, this leads to improvement of performance and brings it closer to the benchmark set by the organization. 5) 3rd axis measurement – If performance is to be measured on a two axis system, organizational goals and employee performance for these goals respectively, then a 3rd axis also needs to be measured which is employee’s personal goals, because then only performance can be measured in true terms. Conclusion: We conclude the research by stressing effective performance management is a key tool of communication and motivation within organizations seeking a competitive edge through strategic change and control. The framework for performance management system design has its core element as improving individual performance in accordance with the organization’s performance, keeping in mind employee’s personal goals. Overcoming barriers to change through winning the psychological battle of employee involvement by effective performance and evaluating parameters has become the need of the hour. The KRA’s that determine the effectiveness of a PMS are, Developing external relationship Communicating this Idea to employees and evaluating their commitment levels through structured parameters will help in achieving organisational objective. Building organisational capabilities This KRA contributes in enhancing skill based performance for quality work. Taking a selective and focussed approach and maintaining quality research – This KRA provides a transparent system for evaluation of employee performance in terms of job description. Service and education output – This KRA contributes in managing talent in the organization. The afore said KRAs as discussed in full length are only suggestive in nature .The final implementation may be based on some primary research over the aforesaid parameters so that its contribution may ultimately result into epitomizing performance for establishing a cognitive environment. References:- 1. think.exist.com 2. Mei-I Cheng De Montfort University, Implementing a new performance management system within a project-based organization -A case study. 3. about.com/humanresources. 4. trackers.in 5. Wayne F. Cascio and Herman Aguinis, Applied Psychology in Human Resources Management – sixth edition/ (CH-5) P-83 6. Wayne F. Cascio and Herman Aguinis, Applied Psychology in Human Resources Management – sixth edition/ (CH-5) P-85 7. ibm.com/services/strategy/industries/chemicals. 8. pwc.com/ng/PwC Nigeria – HRS brochure. 9. Stefanescu, Andy, University of Craiova, Faculty of Economics and Business, MPRA paper- Business intelligence, improving performance of reengineering project. 10. itpeopleindia.com/ Performance factors in India. 11. David Moore The Robert Gordon University, Scott Sutherland School, Aberdeen, UK, Implementing a new performance management system within a project-based organization-A case study. Research Papers on Effective Performance ManagementThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaStandardized TestingAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Business ethics - Essay Example â€Å"It is often said that deontologists unlike consequentialists believe that there are certain acts that are wrong in themselves† (Lippert-Rasmussen, 2010: p15). In other words, deontology indicates that there are things that are inherently right and things that are inherently wrong. One does not need to question why they are so. One must just do it because that is the right thing to do. There are no debates about it. Thus, a distinction is made between deontology and consequentialist philosophy on the grounds that consequentialists mainly examine the bigger picture of the results of a given activity or process. Hence, they evaluate the consequences and the impact of a given activity or process. However, deontology differs significantly because it supports the position that things are inherently either bad or good. And a person must choose one and not question it. Basford and Selvin commented in deontology and stated that â€Å"... they are ethics of duty and principle as they relate to what is intrinsically good, they are often seen as encompassing virtue ethics† (2012, p215). This implies that deontology supports the idea that doing what is right is a duty. And it is inherently so because some higher power or authority requires what is write in a strict and prescribed format. Hence, there is no room for negotiation and compromise. Deontology forms a class of absolute ethics – and it must be done irrespective of the circumstances or the situation at hand (Kelly and Magill, 2009). People must do what is required and prescribed and there is no need to examine or factor in the consequences of the action. If it is right, it must be done. If it is wrong, it must not be done. This is a form of ethic based on moral obligation and it is determined by principles and ideas (Hitchcock et al, 2012). Teleological ethics on the other hand, are consequentialist ethics that are based on the

Oman Air, In The airline industy and growth opportunities Dissertation

Oman Air, In The airline industy and growth opportunities - Dissertation Example Global economic recession, escalating fuel prices, competition in the sector resulting in consolidation and financial restructurings, have all been important factors leading to transformation of the airline industry in the past decade (Rosenstien, 2013). The legacy carriers or full-service network carriers (FSNC), struggling to make profits, were forced to alter their business model to minimize losses through lower operating costs. Other factors that could help minimize losses were by eliminating unprofitable routes, or introducing newer, fuel-efficient aircrafts while grounding older, inefficient aircrafts. As the legacy carriers struggled to survive, low-cost airlines (LCA)/ low-cost carriers (LCA) continued to generate profits and expand. The low-cost model in the airlines sector was pioneered by South West Airlines (SWA) in1971 with certain features that were typical of LCA during that period. However, over the decades, the model introduced by SWA has undergone a change as competition in the LCA grew. Nevertheless, different airlines introduced different features and made changes to the original SWA model depending on the macro-environment in which they operated. However, what became apparent was that demand for low-cost travel was high and airlines in this sector continued to generate profits while the legacy carriers struggled. Oman Air (OA), the national carrier of the Sultanate of Oman, is a dynamic, growing carrier. However, Oman Air faces major challenges due to ever-increasing competition and global recession. Across the world many airlines still face losses as travel and freight have declined. Most airlines have been cutting operating costs but Oman Air is pursuing its expansion strategy (Hill, 2010). The carrier has several plans it is working on – to get into the cargo business to facilitate development of cargo in and out of the country, to bring freighters in (Aerospace & Defence, 2013) and to start a low-cost carrier (LCC) in addition to the regional service that it offers. 2.0 Oman Air - Company Information Started in the early

Promise and peril Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Promise and peril - Essay Example The article also notes there are challenges in implementing pay-for-performance programs by managers. One of such is seen on the negative impact on motivation, self-esteem, teamwork, and creativity (Beer, and Cannon 4). The second challenge is that the program may lead the employee to forego other things that would help the organization in pursuit of rewards. Merit has also been shown not to be based on performance. The proponent of the program believes the challenges can be overcome through intelligent design of the program (Beer, and Cannon 4). The article also highlights the role played by managers in pay for performance programs. The article notes managers may opt for adoption, modification, or discontinuation of the programs (Beer, and Cannon 13). The article shows reasons for managers coming up with any of the decision. One influence for decision is on pragmatic commitment to finding ways of improving performance (Beer, and Cannon 13). Their goals are just driven by ensuring there is an improvement in performance but not just desire to apply the new programs. They also viewed the new tool as a combination of other tools that could be used in solving some of the challenge they face. Moreover, failure to gain result of the new tool makes manager adopts other traditional tools. Such tools include close supervision, clear goals, coaching, and training (Beer, and Cannon 13). The manager’s view these tools as being fundamental in management hence change of decision. Additionally, the manager viewed the new program as requiring more time to implement and attracted difficulties in setting performance standards. The new program has been viewed as advantageous. However, it faces the challenges of implementation by

Work-Family Conflict and Job-Satisfaction in Married Couples

Work-Family Conflict and Job-Satisfaction in Married Couples DISCUSSION A struggle which is common in most of the people nowadays is Work-family conflict. It is a battle which everybody is fighting i.e. to maintain the balance between work and family. This conflict is also affecting major sub-areas of work and family life and one of those areas is Job-satisfaction. Hence the present research study was aimed to find the relationship between work-family conflict and job-satisfaction and therefore is titled as â€Å"Work-Family Conflict and Job-Satisfaction in Married Couples.† The study was conducted on the sample of 80 i.e. n=80 which comprised 40 (50%) males and 40 (50%) females. All the participants were the university professors at Amity University Sec-125 Noida, Uttar Pradesh. For the conduction of research study, two standardized questionnaires were used. They are Work Family Conflict Scale developed by R.G.Netemeyer, J.S. Boles, R.McMurrian (1996) and Job-Satisfaction Scale (JSS-R) by Dr.B.L.Gupta (2009). In the study the indepenpedent varia bles are Work intereference with family (WIF), Family intereference with work (FIW) and gender. The dependent variable in the study is Job-satisfaction. Statistical analysis was done with the help of MS-Excel 2010. In statistical analysis, mean, standard deviations, T-tests and Pearson’s coefficient of correlation was calculated. The findings of the study broadly explain the impact of work-family conflict on job-satisfaction among males and females. The analysis of the sample population made it clear that there is no significant gender difference in the level of perception of work-family conflict and job-satisfaction. Work family conflict is a conflict between different roles of life i.e. work and family. It is always the result of imbalance between the individual’s work and family life. It arises when people fail to fulfil their responsibilities in both the areas as well as towards their personal development. There is various cause of work-family conflict such as long working hours, increased family demands, increased work-pressure, personality differences etc. These factors increase the incongruity in work and family domains and eventually result into work-family conflict. Job-satisfaction is usually defined as the level of contentment or gratification an individual has with his/her working environment. It is none other than his or her attitude toward the work, nature of tasks, supervision, colleagues, environment etc. Job-satisfaction doesn’t get affected by any one aspect of the job but it is something which gets generated by the cumulative facets of one’s job or work. Hence we can easily assume that it is not the one dimensional concept rather a multidimensional construct. Now we take into account the negative correlation of work-family conflict and job-satisfaction level of males and females. It was found in the result that there was a negative correlation between the two which means greater the work-family conflict, lesser the job satisfaction and vice-versa. The finding of the research is also supported by Patel C.J, Beekhan A, Paruk Z, Ramgoon S (2008) who studied work-family conflict, job satisfaction and spousal support. They discovered the effect of work on functioning of the family and its association to job satisfaction and it was found in the study that work-family conflict and job satisfaction was negatively correlated. On further analysis of the gender differences between males and females, we found that there was no significant difference between male and female in the level of perception of work-interference to family (WIF). Similarly it was also found that there was no significant gender difference in the perception of family interference to work (FIW). The above results are well supported by the study done by Sadia Aziz Ansari (2011) who studied the occurrence of WIF and FIW in both the genders. The outcome of the study showed that there was no significant gender difference in relation to work interference with family and family interference with work. There was no significant difference between work-family conflict and job-satisfaction of males and females. HYPOTHESES TESTING There would be a negative correlation between Work-Family Conflict and Job-Satisfaction. The stated hypothesis was accepted as the Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) was -0.22. It indicates that as the work-family conflict increases, job-satisfaction decreases and vice-versa. Family interfering with work would be more prevalent in women as compared to men. The stated hypothesis was rejected since t-value (0.11) was not significant. Work interfering with family would be more prevalent in women as compared to men. The stated hypothesis was rejected since t-value (0.24) was not significant. There would be no significant difference on work-family conflict and job satisfaction of men and women. The t scores for work-family conflict and job satisfaction of men and women are 0.69 and 0.61 which are not the significant score. Hence our hypothesis stands accepted. CHAPTER-6 SUMMARY CONCLUSION SUMMARY The present investigation is titled as â€Å"Work-Family Conflict and Job-Satisfaction in Married men and women.. The concerned study is conducted on a sample of 80 with 30 (50%) males and 30 (50%) females were taken from universities across Noida , Uttar Pradesh . The study used the standardised test of Work-Family Conflict by R.G.Netemeyer, J.S.Boles, R.McMurrian (1996) and Job-satisfaction scale by Dr. B.L.Gupta (2009). The study showed that there is a negative correlation between Work-Family Conflict and Job-Satisfaction among males and females. This indicates there is an inverse relation between the two. The more the work-family conflict among individuals the lesser the job-satisfaction and vice-versa. The present study determines also revealed that there is no significant gender difference in the perception of work to family conflict and family to work conflict. It was also shown in the study that there was no significant gender difference on work-family conflict and job-satisfaction. To make the research more scientific the following hypothesis were made There would be a negative correlation between Work-Family Conflict and Job-Satisfaction. Family interfering with work would be more prevalent in women as compared to men. Work interfering with family would be more prevalent in women as compared to men. There would be no significant difference on work-family conflict and job satisfaction of men and women. The findings of the research suggests There is correlation between Work-Family Conflict and Job-Satisfaction. It indicates that as the work-family conflict increases, job-satisfaction decreases and vice-versa. There is no significant gender difference in the perception of family interfering with work. There is no significant gender difference in the perception of work interfering with family. There is no significant difference in work-family conflict and job-satisfaction of males and females. CONCLUSION Work-family conflict and Job-satisfaction has a negative correlation. It mean they have inverse connection. If work-family conflict increases jobs-satisfaction tends to decline and vice-versa. There is no gender difference in the level of perception of work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict. There is no significant gender difference in job-satisfaction and work-family conflict. LIMITATIONS The present investigation may have some limitations as it was carried out in a short period of time and with limited resources. Some important limitations are: Due to sensitivity of the topic individuals might not have disclosed the truth completely. There was no control over other relevant variables. Small sample size might have the effect on the results. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Work-family conflict is a strong predictor of job-satisfaction among employees suggests that by being flexible as an employer one can increase the level of job-satisfaction. For reducing work-life conflict and increasing job-satisfaction level, an individual should learn to prioritize tasks. It would help him/her in a positive manner. If an individual is facing stress at work-place due to which he/she having conflicts with the family, in this case they need to identify the stressors and work upon them. Also they can communicate with their family members and share their concerns. Lastly it is very important to take out personal time i.e. a time which they spend with themselves. It will reduce the stress and pressure of an individual which would eventually lower the conflicts. The present investigation is titled as â€Å"Work-Family Conflict and Job-Satisfaction in Married men and women.. The concerned study is conducted on a sample of 80 with 30 (50%) males and 30 (50%) females were taken from universities across Noida , Uttar Pradesh . The study used the standardised test of Work-Family Conflict by R.G.Netemeyer, J.S.Boles, R.McMurrian (1996) and Job-satisfaction scale by Dr. B.L.Gupta (2009). The study showed that there is a negative correlation between Work-Family Conflict and Job-Satisfaction among males and females. This indicates there is an inverse relation between the two. The more the work-family conflict among individuals the lesser the job-satisfaction and vice-versa. The present study determines also revealed that there is no significant gender difference in the perception of work to family conflict and family to work conflict. It was also shown in the study that there was no significant gender difference on work-family conflict and job-satisfaction. To make the research more scientific the following hypothesis were made There would be a negative correlation between Work-Family Conflict and Job-Satisfaction. Family interfering with work would be more prevalent in women as compared to men. Work interfering with family would be more prevalent in women as compared to men. There would be no significant difference on work-family conflict and job satisfaction of men and women. The findings of the research suggests There is correlation between Work-Family Conflict and Job-Satisfaction. It indicates that as the work-family conflict increases, job-satisfaction decreases and vice-versa. There is no significant gender difference in the perception of family interfering with work. There is no significant gender difference in the perception of work interfering with family. There is no significant difference in work-family conflict and job-satisfaction of males and females. CONCLUSION Work-family conflict and Job-satisfaction has a negative correlation. It mean they have inverse connection. If work-family conflict increases jobs-satisfaction tends to decline and vice-versa. There is no gender difference in the level of perception of work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict. There is no significant gender difference in job-satisfaction and work-family conflict. LIMITATIONS The present investigation may have some limitations as it was carried out in a short period of time and with limited resources. Some important limitations are: Due to sensitivity of the topic individuals might not have disclosed the truth completely. There was no control over other relevant variables. Small sample size might have the effect on the results. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Work-family conflict is a strong predictor of job-satisfaction among employees suggests that by being flexible as an employer one can increase the level of job-satisfaction. For reducing work-life conflict and increasing job-satisfaction level, an individual should learn to prioritize tasks. It would help him/her in a positive manner. If an individual is facing stress at work-place due to which he/she having conflicts with the family, in this case they need to identify the stressors and work upon them. Also they can communicate with their family members and share their concerns. Lastly it is very important to take out personal time i.e. a time which they spend with themselves. It will reduce the stress and pressure of an individual which would eventually lower the conflicts.

Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth - The Witches Role :: Macbeth essays

In Shakespeare's time, many people were superstitious; they believed that that their lives were strongly influenced, if not dictated by fate. They also thought that the world was full of supernatural creatures, such as witches, ghosts, and many other such beings. Shakespeare incorporated these aspects of belief in his play Mac Beth. The witches, although accurately predicting what would occur, i.e., Mac Beth would be king, they did not specify how their prophecies would be realized. The witches did possess some sort of power (unless they were privy to some political information which MacBeth was not aware of), otherwise, how could they have known that MacBeth had been appointed Thane of Cawdor? Of course, once MacBeth, who, living in such a society, was superstitious, is presented with Cawdor's title, he believes that the other prediction, namely his kingship, must come true. Banquo notes the danger inherent in believing (and subsequently acting on) the witches' predictions; he says, "Were such things here as we do speak about?/Or have we eaten on the insane root/That takes the reason prisoner?" Act I, scene 3, ll.83-85. MacBeth is quite overwhelmed when he hears that he is now the Thane of Cawdor. However, almost immediately, he starts thinking about how to bring about his rule as king. "{Aside} Two truths are told, As happy prologues to the swelling act Of the imperial theme.—I thank you, gentlemen. {Aside} This supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill, cannot be good. If ill, Why hath it given me earnest of success, Commencing in a truth? I am the thane of Cawdor. If good, why do I yield to that suggestion Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair And make my seated heart knock at my ribs, Against the use of nature? Present fears Are less than horrible imaginings; My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, Shakes so my single state of man that function Is smothered in surmise; and nothing is But what is not." (1.3.127-141) MacBeth seems to be fantasizing about having a direct role in Duncan's downfall. He apparently believes that the only way to make the witches' predictions come about, is to act on his urges (although he attained the title of Cawdor without any extraneous effort). A wife has a large influence on her husband's thinking. Lady MacBeth tries to persuade MacBeth to murder Duncan. Throughout Act I, scene 5, there are many speeches in which she tries to convince him. However, the monologue most relevant to my theme is Lady MacBeth's first speech:

Advantages and Disadvantages of Education

Share on facebookShare on twitterShare on emailShare on pinterest_shareMore Sharing Services130 Knowledge is power and for those reading this article, at least a basic level of that power of education has been accessible. However there are instances in the world where the distribution of education is skewed. The advantages and disadvantages of education although seemingly quite clear can be explored to quite a detailed level.It is usually the benefits of education that are extolled from time to time and there is much strength in that argument since the one thing that separates man from animals is the ability to advance knowledge and expertise from one generation to the next. On the other hand some may argue about the difference between ‘having an education’ and ‘possessing knowledge’. Here we try and develop a debate about the advantages and disadvantages of education keeping in mind all points of view. Advantages of EducationHuman Capital – To build upon the previous point, when looked at from a macro perspective, an educated population provides a more valuable human capital base to the economy. A developed economy has maximum concentration of jobs in the tertiary sector which requires a highly skilled work force which has expertise in specific fields. For instance the most developed country in the world, the USA has the most skilled human resources with maximum efficiency. Also, developing countries which adopt tried and tested technologies from other nations require skilled engineers, technicians and managers who can put it to good use.This can only be achieved by providing quality education to the population at a primary, secondary and higher secondary level. Broadens perspective – This is one of the key advantages of education. Even if we consider economic benefit of education but its most important contribution that it helps in changing minds of people. Education makes people understand other cultures, religions, pl aces and culture. It helps gain understanding of what the world is all about. This very important if we see from perspective of developing nations which are plagued by old notions.In countries such as India girl and boy child are differentiated. Even worse women are considered cause of girl child while science tells that it is the other way round. Similar old style dogmas exists everywhere in the world and the only way to eradicate them is proper education. Hones potential – An education provides individuals with the ability to develop their potential to a much greater extent. Exposure to different fields and interests allows a person to choose between a number of options and hone in on the one field that they have the ability to excel in.This also helps develop interest in a number of other non-academic fields such as art, culture, music, all of which are important to have a wholesome life. It improves interaction between people and results in more efficient exchanges. Bette r job prospects – The conventional way of proceeding in life through the ages has been in four stages: childhood and education, putting knowledge to work by obtaining a career, raising a family, growing old and retiring from the daily conundrums of life.The logical step after the initial childhood years is to attend an educational institute and gather as much knowledge and information as possible for a better life in the future. This helps in developing a better base for securing a career later thus advancing the individual into the next phase of life. This helps in providing the basics such as food, water and shelter as well as a host of other needs. Thus, a better education will ensure higher returns and subsequently a better quality of life.Dispels inequality – For individuals who do not have a wealthy or fortunate background, the provision of quality education puts them at the same footing as the vast majority of job seekers allowing them to rise from their present level. This phenomenon, also known as distributive justice, helps in reducing inequalities, both economic and social, in society. The importance of education has been recognised by the international community as can be observed by the Right to Education Act which has been in existence since 1952 in the European Convention on Human Rights and obliges all signatories to guarantee the right to education.The United Nations’ International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right on a global scale. These facts display how seriously countries the world over have taken the aspect of education to be. Especially for developing countries, improving the quality of life of its population through education and all its subsequent effects is of utmost priority and has indeed been undertaken on a large scale by all such countries. Disadvantages of EducationThough it is widely accepted that education is essential for the growth and development of an indiv idual, the medium through which this is carried out can vary from one place to another. Some societies may be of the opinion that education can be transmitted just as well through unconventional media as it is through schools, colleges and other education institutes. In olden times knowledge was passed on over generations through learning on the job and elders’ stories; a formal route of attending school and college was not stressed upon. Here we explore some of the disadvantages of education.Status symbol – These days a quality education has become a means for discrimination. As if the regular economic and social barriers weren’t enough, now the level of education and place from where it has been obtained, have become valid grounds for looking down upon people. As has been claimed by an Ivy League graduate himself, an elite education has its own inadequacies. The atmosphere in which these ‘elite’ students are instructed and taught brings upon most a sense of false achievement and superiority which widens the chasm between members of society.People who attend other less prestigious schools are regarded with disdain and the entire concept of self-worth is derived from the grade or CGPA system. People are judged by the numbers they carry around – GPAs, ranks, grades which may not be a wholesome representation of who they are or what their potential is. Although it is no crime to nurture excellence, refraining from making it a criterion to judge people on is important. Restricts ideas – Some forms of education blindly impose ideas upon young minds instead of teaching them to think for themselves.The whole purpose of an education is to allow the learner to apply themselves to think bigger and better. However a faulty education system can do more harm than good in this respect. It can be argued that those without a formal education are more ready and equipped to handle a dog eat dog world. They may have gathered their knowledge from experience for which there is no substitute. Hence, unless the mode of education is wholesome and nurtures all aspects of an individual’s personality, it may not be as advantageous as expected.After exploring both aspects of the argument, it is safe to say that the advantages and disadvantages of education point toward one direction. Though it has its drawbacks, if implemented correctly, an education system is very helpful in improving the quality of human life. It helps in transmitting knowledge, skills, customs and values, all of which are essential in the development of an individual. Thus, this discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of education have led us to the conclusion that the importance of education far outweighs its negatives. ï » ¿Advantages and Disadvantages of Education Share on facebookShare on twitterShare on emailShare on pinterest_shareMore Sharing Services130 Knowledge is power and for those reading this article, at least a basic level of that power of education has been accessible. However there are instances in the world where the distribution of education is skewed. The advantages and disadvantages of education although seemingly quite clear can be explored to quite a detailed level.It is usually the benefits of education that are extolled from time to time and there is much strength in that argument since the one thing that separates man from animals is the ability to advance knowledge and expertise from one generation to the next. On the other hand some may argue about the difference between ‘having an education’ and ‘possessing knowledge’. Here we try and develop a debate about the advantages and disadvantages of education keeping in mind all points of view. Advantages of EducationHuman Capital – To build upon the previous point, when looked at from a macro perspective, an educated population provides a more valuable human capital base to the economy. A developed economy has maximum concentration of jobs in the tertiary sector which requires a highly skilled work force which has expertise in specific fields. For instance the most developed country in the world, the USA has the most skilled human resources with maximum efficiency. Also, developing countries which adopt tried and tested technologies from other nations require skilled engineers, technicians and managers who can put it to good use.This can only be achieved by providing quality education to the population at a primary, secondary and higher secondary level. Broadens perspective – This is one of the key advantages of education. Even if we consider economic benefit of education but its most important contribution that it helps in changing minds of people. Education makes people understand other cultures, religions, pl aces and culture. It helps gain understanding of what the world is all about. This very important if we see from perspective of developing nations which are plagued by old notions.In countries such as India girl and boy child are differentiated. Even worse women are considered cause of girl child while science tells that it is the other way round. Similar old style dogmas exists everywhere in the world and the only way to eradicate them is proper education. Hones potential – An education provides individuals with the ability to develop their potential to a much greater extent. Exposure to different fields and interests allows a person to choose between a number of options and hone in on the one field that they have the ability to excel in.This also helps develop interest in a number of other non-academic fields such as art, culture, music, all of which are important to have a wholesome life. It improves interaction between people and results in more efficient exchanges. Bette r job prospects – The conventional way of proceeding in life through the ages has been in four stages: childhood and education, putting knowledge to work by obtaining a career, raising a family, growing old and retiring from the daily conundrums of life.The logical step after the initial childhood years is to attend an educational institute and gather as much knowledge and information as possible for a better life in the future. This helps in developing a better base for securing a career later thus advancing the individual into the next phase of life. This helps in providing the basics such as food, water and shelter as well as a host of other needs. Thus, a better education will ensure higher returns and subsequently a better quality of life.Dispels inequality – For individuals who do not have a wealthy or fortunate background, the provision of quality education puts them at the same footing as the vast majority of job seekers allowing them to rise from their present level. This phenomenon, also known as distributive justice, helps in reducing inequalities, both economic and social, in society. The importance of education has been recognised by the international community as can be observed by the Right to Education Act which has been in existence since 1952 in the European Convention on Human Rights and obliges all signatories to guarantee the right to education.The United Nations’ International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right on a global scale. These facts display how seriously countries the world over have taken the aspect of education to be. Especially for developing countries, improving the quality of life of its population through education and all its subsequent effects is of utmost priority and has indeed been undertaken on a large scale by all such countries. Disadvantages of EducationThough it is widely accepted that education is essential for the growth and development of an indiv idual, the medium through which this is carried out can vary from one place to another. Some societies may be of the opinion that education can be transmitted just as well through unconventional media as it is through schools, colleges and other education institutes. In olden times knowledge was passed on over generations through learning on the job and elders’ stories; a formal route of attending school and college was not stressed upon. Here we explore some of the disadvantages of education.Status symbol – These days a quality education has become a means for discrimination. As if the regular economic and social barriers weren’t enough, now the level of education and place from where it has been obtained, have become valid grounds for looking down upon people. As has been claimed by an Ivy League graduate himself, an elite education has its own inadequacies. The atmosphere in which these ‘elite’ students are instructed and taught brings upon most a sense of false achievement and superiority which widens the chasm between members of society.People who attend other less prestigious schools are regarded with disdain and the entire concept of self-worth is derived from the grade or CGPA system. People are judged by the numbers they carry around – GPAs, ranks, grades which may not be a wholesome representation of who they are or what their potential is. Although it is no crime to nurture excellence, refraining from making it a criterion to judge people on is important. Restricts ideas – Some forms of education blindly impose ideas upon young minds instead of teaching them to think for themselves.The whole purpose of an education is to allow the learner to apply themselves to think bigger and better. However a faulty education system can do more harm than good in this respect. It can be argued that those without a formal education are more ready and equipped to handle a dog eat dog world. They may have gathered their knowledge from experience for which there is no substitute. Hence, unless the mode of education is wholesome and nurtures all aspects of an individual’s personality, it may not be as advantageous as expected.After exploring both aspects of the argument, it is safe to say that the advantages and disadvantages of education point toward one direction. Though it has its drawbacks, if implemented correctly, an education system is very helpful in improving the quality of human life. It helps in transmitting knowledge, skills, customs and values, all of which are essential in the development of an individual. Thus, this discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of education have led us to the conclusion that the importance of education far outweighs its negatives.